arduino and tinkecad on LED and pnp transistor connect the (+) to pin (13) and connect the ground to (-) then start with capacitor (0.33mF) on (E) port and connect the out to the secend capacitor (0.1 ...

There are many ways in which heavy loads can be switched on the low side by using a simple microcontroller. Using a saturated switch is considered one of the simplest and easiest ways to control large ...

In the early days, PNP bipolar transistors were common, but the bulk of circuits you see today use NPN transistors. As [Aaron Danner] points out, many people think PNP transistors ...