The Physical Layer includes cable specs, pin-out patterns, voltages, hubs, repeaters, network cards, protocol standards (RJ45, V series modem standards) and even host bus adapters (HBA).

And, Ethernet works at layer 4. But there is a relationship between security protocols and locations layer. The closer it gets to the physical layer, the better the security will be. The most ...

A dive into the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Here’s how it works. The OSI model is a product ...

A couple posts ago, we talked about Layer 1 of the OSI Model — the Physical Layer. Today, we’ll start our climb up the Model with a visit to Layer 2, the Data Link Layer.

Finally, the application layer is similar to OSI layers 5, 6, and 7 combined. 2. The seven layers of the OSI model somewhat correspond with the four layers that make up the TCP/IP protocol.

One of the most enduring models in networking is the famous seven-layer OSI model. X.25 roughly, but pretty accurately, is based on the first three layers. And it stopped there. Subsequently ...