A dive into the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Here’s how it works. The OSI model is a product ...

Now we are getting somewhere. In the OSI standard, they list the principles used to determine the seven layers in the Reference Mode. (ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994, Section 6.2). Among those principles are: ...

It’s important to understand that the TCP Reference Model doesn’t really concern itself with the OSI Model. With TCP traffic, the connections are established at the transport layer.