The water tank forms a complete closed loop with the pump and PV module connected via water pipes. According to the researchers, the system can operate in a 24-hour continuous water circulation mode.

Feedback loops are systems where the output of an action is fed back into the system as input, influencing future actions. They play a crucial role in understanding how systems behave over time, ...

CO2 capture and storage is crucial in combating climate change, but transport presents unique challenges. At the advanced Colorado Flow Loop test facility, we perform research into these challenges.

Open-loop systems are fine for light use in clean water. For everyone else, closed-loop systems offer better protection, longer life, and fewer nightmares when something inevitably goes wrong.

However, individuals using a hybrid closed-loop system had a higher rate of ketoacidosis (1.74 events per 100 patient-years) than those using open-loop therapy (0.96 per 100 patient-years).