The automatic transmission is made up of three parts: the torque converter, the planetary gears, and the brake bands and clutches. As the engine runs, it spins the torque converter's impeller ...

Early automatic transmissions with names like Hydra-Matic, Dynaflow, ZF, and Hondamatic delivered simplistic driving, but heavy planetary gear systems and torque converters sacrificed fuel efficiency.

Automatic transmission systems (ATSs) are critical components in modern vehicles, integrating complex gear mechanisms to optimise performance, efficiency and durability. These systems utilise an ...