Example 10.3: Kalman Filtering: Estimating an SSM Using the EM Algorithm This example estimates the normal SSM of the mink-muskrat data using the EM algorithm. The mink-muskrat series are detrended.

The algorithm might slip in categorizing text-based tweets as it might fail to contextualize tweets. But differentiating cats and dogs in a picture should be more straightforward.

We study the effect of Airbnb’s smart-pricing algorithm on the racial disparity in the daily revenue earned by Airbnb hosts. Our empirical strategy exploits Airbnb’s introduction of the algorithm and ...

The problem was caught in an algorithm sold by a leading health services company, called Optum, to guide care decision-making for millions of people. But the same issue almost certainly exists in ...