Other instances, known as reciprocal altruism, involve taking actions to help others with the expectation that they will offer help in return. Related: How to Stop Being Selfish Everyday life is ...

Reciprocal altruism occurs where the roles of the donor and recipient are later reversed. This often occurs in social animals. For example, vampire bats feed only on blood. An individual cannot ...

Alfaro, Laura, Ester Faia, Nora Lamersdorf, and Farzad Saidi. "Social Interactions in Pandemics: Fear, Altruism, and Reciprocity." NBER Working Paper Series, No ...