Functions-diagram is a Python program for graphically representing functions by specifying the input and output names and types. Its aim is to help learners take their first steps with functions and ...

Best practices for Function Block Diagrams (FBDs) in PLC programming include modular design for reusability, consistent naming conventions, thorough documentation, and clear comments.

Obfuscation is a process of transforming a program into an equivalent version which is harder to understand and reverse-engineer. Little attention has been paid to obfuscation techniques for programs ...

However, there is no reason to assume that an attacker would not be interested in hiding malicious payload into a PLC program before it is compiled to machine code.In this paper, I present five ...

When using subroutines and functions in ladder diagrams, consider the overall architecture and design of your PLC program. Ensure that the modular blocks of logic are well-documented and follow ...