The Physical Layer includes cable specs, pin-out patterns, voltages, hubs, repeaters, network cards, protocol standards (RJ45, V series modem standards) and even host bus adapters (HBA).

And, Ethernet works at layer 4. But there is a relationship between security protocols and locations layer. The closer it gets to the physical layer, the better the security will be. The most ...

A dive into the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Here’s how it works. The OSI model is a product ...

A couple posts ago, we talked about Layer 1 of the OSI Model — the Physical Layer. Today, we’ll start our climb up the Model with a visit to Layer 2, the Data Link Layer.

1. In the OSI model, data flows down the transmit layers, over the physical link, and then up through the receive layers.

One of the most enduring models in networking is the famous seven-layer OSI model. X.25 roughly, but pretty accurately, is based on the first three layers. And it stopped there. Subsequently ...