The Physical Layer includes cable specs, pin-out patterns, voltages, hubs, repeaters, network cards, protocol standards (RJ45, V series modem standards) and even host bus adapters (HBA).

Layer 2 (L2), the data link level of the OSI model sits between the physical level and the network layer. The physical level is primarily responsible for signal creation and timing on the media of ...

The Internet Protocol layer is comparable to layer 3 in the OSI model. The host-to-host layer is equivalent to OSI layer 4. These are the TCP and UDP (user datagram protocol) functions.

What does OSI model actually mean? ... For more on this layer, see data link protocol. Physical Layer 1. Layer 1 passes bits onto, and receives bits from, the connecting medium ...

Fig. 1: The 7-layer OSI model. Courtesy technology.blurtit.com. Fig. 2. Protocols within the layers. (Courtesy Acturus Networks) Security protocols can be implemented in just about any layer – either ...

One of the most enduring models in networking is the famous seven-layer OSI model. X.25 roughly, but pretty accurately, is based on the first three layers. And it stopped there. Subsequently ...