The machine uses a ‘grbl’ controller, which has an Arduino-based circuit that includes multiple outputs, including a powerful 24V pwm signal that is generally used to drive a 60-80W spindle motor.

2. Overview of Protection Circuit in UART Communication Using Opto-isolator 4N35 The Opto-isolator 4N35, also known as the 4N35 optical isolator, is commonly used to control signal transmission ...

Opto-isolation is the obvious answer (until TI’s non-opto-isolators are easier to get) to remove ground voltage variations, and that got me thinking about adding a few components to the input side of ...