• Hash functions transform data irreversibly into fixed-size hash values, while encryption algorithms are often reversible, allowing decryption to retrieve the original data.

For example, a hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) is a type of symmetric encryption that uses a hash function and a secret key to encrypt and verify data. Add your perspective ...

This project implements a secure communication system using AES-GCM encryption combined with HMAC-based message authentication. It ensures both confidentiality and integrity of messages, where: ...

The Cryptographic Library includes functions to perform encryption, decryption, hashing, authentication, and compression within the embedded application. Random number generation (RNG) functions are ...

In e‐commerce, it is often necessary for communication parties to verify each other's identity. One practical way to do this is with the use of cryptographic authentication protocols employing ...

Affiliations: [Key Laboratory of Internet Information Retrieval of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, China].