The processes that form continental crust from the denser basaltic rocks of the upper mantle may make the lower lithosphere ...

Under the Sierra Nevada in California, scientists have observed a rare phenomenon that sheds light on the dynamics of the ...

Plate tectonics give Earth its mountains, earthquakes, continental drift and maybe even helped give rise to life itself. But do other planets in the solar system have them too?

Aa Aa Aa Biogeochemical cycles describe pathways by which chemical elements move through both biotic (the biosphere) and abiotic compartments (the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere ...