Existing single-terminal traveling-wave-based fault location methods for LCC-HVDCs encounter difficulties in wave velocity selection, wavefront identification, and ensuring robustness. Reliably ...

The folded-waveguide (FWG) traveling-wave tube (TWT) is a promising high-power terahertz (THz) amplifier. However, it is challenging to develop THz FWG-TWT with high beam–wave interaction efficiency.