Electromagnetic integral equations offer a powerful framework for modelling wave propagation and scattering phenomena by recasting Maxwell’s equations into formulations involving integrals over ...

In particular, the numerical treatment of integral equations has evolved through collocation and Galerkin procedures, while the solution of differential equations often employs time‐stepping ...

Approximate Integration: Implementations of the following numerical integration techniques are given below: Left-hand Riemann sum, Right-hand Riemann sum, Midpoint Rule, Trapezoid Rule, and Simpson's ...