Minor-Free Graph: A graph that does not contain a specified smaller graph (minor) as a subgraph, which is critical for certifying graph classes and in achieving computational optimisations.

WiMi's QFNN training algorithm relies on several key quantum computing subroutines, with the most critical components being the quantized feedforward and backpropagation processes.

Refining with colors. Mathematicians have developed various strategies to compare graphs. Since the 1970s, algorithms have been able to test graph isomorphism, but in exponential time.