There have been some attempts over the years to put a number on the energy efficiency of specific programming languages, with a paper by Rui Pereira et al. from 2021 (preprint PDF) as published in ...

Programming languages have been around for more than 30 years in the computer industry. They're what help developers and engineers create all the applications and websites we interact with daily.

The TIOBE Programming Community Index shows year-over-year trends in programming languages based on search engine volume. In January 2024, the top three programming languages were Python, C and C++.