Geoffrey Hinton, professor at the University of Toronto and engineering fellow at Google Brain, recently published a paper on the Forward-Forward algorithm (FF), a technique for training neural networ ...

Neural networks using the backpropagation algorithm were biologically “unrealistic in almost every respect” he said. For one thing, neurons mostly send information in one direction.

Hopfield’s work is not particularly in use today, but the backpropagation algorithm (co-invented by Hinton) has had a tremendous impact on many different sciences and technologies. This is ...