Arduino Uno with LCD/Buttons shield on a breakout board. the area occupied by "ca1" shows each test combination that is tried and whether there was conductivity (1) or not (0). ca was the last attempt ...

Bread Board - x1 USB A to USB B Cable - x1 12V Power Source - Any Jumper Wires - Required Quantity Arduino DC Motor Speed Controller using MOSFET - CircuitDigram Below, you will find the circuit ...

In the early days, PNP bipolar transistors were common, but the bulk of circuits you see today use NPN transistors. As [Aaron Danner] points out, many people think PNP transistors ...

A previous Design Idea describes a circuit that uses an astable multivibrator to drive an LED (Reference 1). The circuit in Figure 1 uses a simpler alternative approach. The circuit uses a 2N3904 NPN ...

This paper describes a high gain lateral PNP transistor that has been successfully incorporated into integrated circuits, The structure is entirely compatible with existing processes and no additional ...