1) abstract abstract keyword is used to implement the abstraction in java. A method which doesn’t have method definition must be declared as abstract and the class containing it must be declared as ...

This project demonstrates foundational Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) principles in Java, including: 1. **Abstraction**: Leveraging abstract classes and methods to define a template for subclasses.

In this paper, we describe a class abstraction technique (CAT) for Java programs that support the testing process by capturing aspects of software complexity based on the combination of class ...