Many programming languages allow passing objects by reference or by value. In Java, we can only pass object parameters by value. This imposes limits and also raises questions.

Here's how to make classes, fields, methods, constructors, and objects work together in your Java programs.

Reference objects aren't just useful when memory is at a premium; they can also be used to provide slick caching abilities to any application.

In Java, objects are passed by reference, and all methods are virtual, so object slicing will not occur inadvertently. Even if you upcast an object, its real type is not forgotten, that's the ...