Roots must have sufficiently large pore spaces to explore for water, oxygen and nutrients; here on the prairies, this ideal root environment typically exists only in the top 60 centimetres or so ...

Seven fully excavated 16 year-old root systems of Sitka spruce were analysed. All roots in excess of 1 cm diameter at their origin on the stumps were analysed, data being collected until root diameter ...

Plants using C4 photosynthesis grow 20-100 percent quicker than more common C3 plants by altering the shape, size and structure of their leaves and roots, according to a new study.