The Physical Layer includes cable specs, pin-out patterns, voltages, hubs, repeaters, network cards, protocol standards (RJ45, V series modem standards) and even host bus adapters (HBA).

The layers, and what they represent, are as follows: Layer 7: Application. The Application Layer in the OSI model is the layer that is the “closest to the end user”.

Layer 2 (L2), the data link level of the OSI model sits between the physical level and the network layer. The physical level is primarily responsible for signal creation and timing on the media of ...

A couple posts ago, we talked about Layer 1 of the OSI Model — the Physical Layer. Today, we’ll start our climb up the Model with a visit to Layer 2, the Data Link Layer .

The Internet Protocol layer is comparable to layer 3 in the OSI model. The host-to-host layer is equivalent to OSI layer 4. These are the TCP and UDP (user datagram protocol) functions.