Stepper motors are a mainstay in precision control systems, valued for their simple open-loop operation and high torque at low speeds. Commonly found in CNC machines, 3D printers, and robotics, they ...

With the advent of increased industrial the automation and microprocessor applications, the interest in digital motion control systems has also expanded. Hybrid Stepper Motors are widely used in ...

Velocity profiles, particularly S-curves, are widely used in open-loop stepper motor control to reduce step missing and overshoot. However, because offline methods are inflexible and require a large ...

At that point, the motor returns to the open-loop mode and steps normally. After the final step, the rotor tooth returns to align with the torque vector and the accuracy becomes +5 arc min (0.083°).