The inferior vena cava (also known as IVC or the posterior vena cava) is a large vein that carries oxygen-depleted blood from the torso and lower body to the right side of the heart. From there ...

The upper pulmonary veins (PVs) are responsible for the majority of atrial fibrillation (AF) triggering foci, whereas the inferior PVs are more difficult to ablate and prone to postablation ostial ...

It is imperative to consider the potential life-saving benefits of IVC ligation despite the higher incidence of associated complications.