I suppose I could just run the import-module command on a bunch of other Server 2012 R2 VMs and see if maybe the one that's having problems is just borked in some unknown way.

Prof. Powershell There's a Module for That: Extending PowerShell's Commands Don't just stick with the commands that Microsoft provides -- extend the commands in PowerShell. By Jeffery Hicks 04/17/2012 ...

You can then import these modules into your scripts using the "Import-Module" command. Additionally, you can publish your modules to the PowerShell Gallery for easy distribution and sharing.