The combinational logic-level equivalence problem is to determine whether two given combinational circuits implement the same Boolean function. This problem arises in a number of computer-aided design ...

In this paper, an improved gene expression-based clonal selection algorithm (IGE-CSA) is proposed, which is aimed at solving synthesis problems of combinational logic circuits. The encoding of gene ...

By using only NAND gates, we can realize all logic functions: AND, OR, NOT, X-OR, X-NOR, NOR. So this gate is also called as universal gate. First note that the entire expression is inverted and we ...