If you look at the block diagram on this page, you'll see there are five elements of an observer: the two inputs - the actual sensor output (Y) and the power converter output (plant excitation) PC - ...

A non-linear tunable PI block for improvement of closed-loop control response Abstract: Fuzzy logic has been used to create nonlinear transfer functions for one or more input variables. For example, ...

In order to improve the traditional open-loop control of the high-pressure common rail system based on the calibration MAP diagram, a PI closed-loop control system of the injection volume based on the ...