In order to improve the traditional open-loop control of the high-pressure common rail system based on the calibration MAP diagram, a PI closed-loop control system of the injection volume based on the ...

This course covers the concepts of feedback; open loop and closed loop systems, feedback in electrical and mechanical systems, mathematical models of systems and linear approximations, transfer ...

More recently, closed-loop control of electronic fuel injection, with its many attendant advantages, has been realized. For this closed-loop system, a sensor has been developed that measures oxygen ...